如何使用正确“who”和“whom”

Who" and "whom" are both pronouns used in English to refer to people, but they serve different grammatical functions.

"Who" is used as the subject of a sentence, meaning it performs the action. For example:

• Who called me?
• He who hesitates is lost.
• Who is going to the party tonight?

On the other hand, "whom" is used as an object in a sentence, meaning it receives the action. For example:

• Whom did you invite to the party?
• To whom should I address this letter?
• The person whom I saw at the store was my old friend.

To decide whether to use "who" or "whom," you can try rephrasing the sentence with a he/him or she/her pronoun. If "he" or "she" fits, then you should use "who." If "him" or "her" fits, then you should use "whom."

For example:

• Who/Whom do you think will win the race? (Try replacing with "he" or "him": "He will win the race"/"Him will win the race"? Clearly "he" is correct, so you should use "who".)
• With whom are you going to the concert? (Try replacing with "her" or "she": "Her is going to the concert"/"She is going to the concert"? Clearly "she" is correct, so you should use "whom".)

Keep in mind that in informal speech and writing, many native speakers often use "who" instead of "whom." However, in formal writing, it's important to use the correct form.